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Disk management is a main task for system administrator. So first identify what are the main hard disk types available in a system. SATA Hard Drives SCSI Hard Drives IDE Hard Drives Virtual Hard Disks    How Linux identify HDD ? They use prefixes named sd , hd , vd for identifying SATA / SCSI , IDE , Virtual Disks.  sd - SATA or SCSI hd - IDE vd - Virtual Disks EXAMPLE: If we use several SATA or SCSI disks in our system, system will identify them as sda , sdb , sdc and so on. If we use several IDE disks in our system, system will identify them as hda , hdb , hdc and so on. If we use several virtual disks in our system, system will identify them as vda , vdb , vdc and so on. For more clarification, Hard Disk Partitioning     There are many reasons to partition a hard disk. Security Easy to get backups Organization is easy  Speed   In hard disk partitioning, there are three (3)  types. Primary...

What is fstab?  fstab is a file, used enter information about partitions with options. Such as if we want to persistently mount hard disk we add its uuid and file type to fstab. When boot-up process, fstab is read. fstab is in /etc/fstab  You can view it using vim text editor. vim /etc/fstab . Then you will receive following.   If there is an error, boot-up process will be stucked at some point. Then we need to enter the emergency mode.  First Create a partition. Use following steps. I am going too use vdb disk. cat /proc/partitions   fdisk /dev/vdb press n (or m for help) create 100M partition mkfs.ext4 /dev/vdb1 -->Format it using ext4.file system. blkid --> check whether block id is available mkdir /mountPoint ---> create a mount point echo | blkid | grep vdb1 >> /etc/fstab vim /etc/fstab and add uuid , file system , defaults , 0 0    press ESC and type :wq mount -a Reboot the system vim /etc/fstab...

In this chapter we are going to teach about how to interrupt the kernel and break the current password. Why break the password? When current password is lost, we use this mechanism to change root password and log in to the system. Simply we override the current password . If you have sudo privilege, log with another user and change the password. We have several ways to do this. Use live cd - Mount the root file system and edit /etc/shadow file Interrupt the kernal  Interrupt the kernel to break the password Use the following steps.  Reboot the computer While restarting press e to interrupt the kernal After that you need to find a line which was started with "linux". After moving the cursor to that line press END key to go to the end of the line. Then you can delete up to vcconsole.keymap=us . (do not delete it) . There are two letters ro . you need to change it as rw . Simply read only to read write.  Then add rd.break after deleting u...